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Around half of every barrel of crude oil will be used to create petrol to power cars, making it by far the biggest product derived from crude oil across the world.

Diesel is a mixture of hydrocarbons with boiling points in the range of 150 – 380c, which are obtained from petroleum. It’s one of the principal products currently made using crude oil.

Civil Jet Fuel - Grades and specifications. 

Today's kerosine jet fuels have been developed from the illuminating kerosine used in the early gas turbine engines. These engines needed fuel with good combustion characteristics and a high energy content. The kerosine type fuels used in civil aviation nowadays are mainly JET A-1 and Jet A. The latter has a higher freezing point (maximum minus 40 degrees C instead of maximum minus 47 degrees C) and is available only in North America.

Summary of Jet Fuel Grades

Jet A-1 - Jet A-1 is a kerosine grade of fuel suitable for most turbine engine aircraft. It has a flash point minimum of 38 degrees C (100°F) and a freeze point maximum of -47 degrees C. It is widely available outside the U.S.A. The main specifications for Jet A-1 grade (see below) are the UK specification DEF STAN 91-91 (Jet A-1) Nato code F-35, (formerly DERD 2494) and the ASTM specification D1655 (Jet A-1).

Jet A - Jet A is a kerosine grade fuel, normally only available in the U.S.A. It has the same flash point as Jet A-1 but a higher freeze point maximum (-40°C). It is supplied against the ASTM D1655 (Jet A) specification.

Jet B - Jet B is a distillate covering the naphtha and kerosine fractions. It can be used as an alternative to Jet A-1 but because it is more difficult to handle (higher flammability), there is only significant demand in very cold climates where its better cold weather performance is important. ASTM have a specification for Jet B but in Canada it is supplied against the Canadian Specification CAN/CGSB 3.23

TS-1 - TS-1 is the main jet fuel grade available in Russian and CIS states. It is a kerosine type fuel with slightly higher volatility (flash point is 28C minimum) and lower freeze point (<-50C) compared to Jet A-1.

American Civil Jet Fuels - The basic civil jet fuel specification used in the United States of America is ASTM Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels D 1655, which defines the requirements for three grades of fuel:-

• Jet A, a kerosine type fuel having a maximum freeze point of -40 degrees C.

• Jet A-1, a kerosine type fuel, identical with Jet A but with a maximum freeze point of -47 degrees C.

• Jet B, a wide-cut type fuel.

Jet A is used within the United States by domestic and international airlines.

Jet B is rarely available nowadays except in parts of northern Canada where its lower freeze point and higher volatility is an advantage for handling and cold starting.

UK Jet Fuels - Although developed basically as a military jet fuel, D. Eng RD 2494, issued by the Ministry of Defense, was adopted as the standard UK civil jet fuel. It is now renamed as DEF STAN 91-91 and defines the requirements for a kerosine type fuel (Jet A-1 grade) having a maximum freeze point of -47 degrees C.

Jet A-1 according to the DEF STAN 91-91 specification is very similar to Jet A-1 defined by the ASTM D 1655 except for a small number of areas where DEF STAN 91-91 is more stringent.\

Former Soviet Union and East European Jet Fuels - Soviet kerosine type jet fuels are covered by a wide range of specification grades reflecting different crude sources and processing treatments used. The grade designation is T-1 to T-8, TS-1 or RT. The grades are covered either by a State Standard (GOST) number, or a Technical Condition (TU) number. The limiting property values, detailed fuel composition and test methods differ quite considerably in some cases from the Western equivalents. The principle grade available in Russia (and members of the CIS) is TS-1. The main differences in characteristics are that Soviet fuels have a low freeze point (equivalent to about -57 degrees C by Western test methods) but also a low flash point (a minimum of 28 degrees C compared with 38 degrees C for Western fuel). RT fuel (written as PT in Russian script) is the superior grade (a hydrotreated product) but is not produced widely. TS-1 (regular grade) is considered to be on a par with Western Jet A-1 and is approved by most aircraft manufacturers. Eastern European countries have their own national standards with their own nomenclature. Many are very similar to the Russian standards but others reflect the requirements of visiting international airlines and are similar to Western Jet A-1 in properties and test methods.

Chinese Jet Fuels - Five types of jet fuel are covered by current Chinese specifications. Previously, each grade was numbered with a prefix RP, they are now renamed No 1 Jet Fuel, No 2 Jet Fuel etc. RP-I and RP-2 are kerosene’s which are like Soviet TS-1. They both have low flash point (minimum 28 degrees C). RP-1 freeze point is -60 degrees C and RP-2 is -50 degrees C. RP-3 is basically Western Jet A-1, produced as an export grade. RP-4 is a wide-cut type fuel like Western Jet B and Soviet T-2. RP-5 is a high flash point kerosine like that used in the West by naval aircrafl operating on aircraft carriers. Virtually all jet fuel produced in China is now RP-3 (renamed No 3 Jet Fuel).

International Specifications - AFQRJOS Checklist - As jet fuel supply arrangements have become more complex, involving co-mingling of product in joint storage facilities, several fuel suppliers developed a document which became known as the Aviation Fuel Quality Requirements for Jointly Operated Systems, or AFQRJOS, Check List. The Check List represents the most stringent requirements of the DEF STAN and ASTM specifications for JET A-1. By definition, any product meeting Check List requirements will also meet either DEF STAN or ASTM specifications.

Fuel delivered to the Check List embodies the most stringent requirements of the following specifications: -

(a) DEF STAN 91-91

(b) ASTM D1655 Kerosine Type Jet A-1,

The Check List is recognized by eight of the major aviation fuel suppliers - Agip, BP, ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil, Kuwait Petroleum, MMV, Statoil and Total - as the basis of their international supply of virtually all civil aviation fuels outside North America and former Soviet Union.

Other National Civil Jet Fuel Specifications - There are many individual national specifications. Typically, these are based on the US, UK or former Soviet specifications with minor differences. There are increasing moves to harmonize the small differences between the ASTM and DEF STAN specifications. This process of harmonization is also in progress with many national specifications.

Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon widely used in the aviation industry. It has a low viscosity and is a clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons. These are obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 and 275c.

Paraffin and kerosene are sometimes used interchangeably, but the former is actually a more refined and distilled version of the latter. This makes it more suitable for use at home where it produces less soot when burned.

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) consists of the residual of petroleum sources once the hydrocarbons of higher quality are extracted via processes such as thermal and catalytic cracking. For this reason, HFO is sometimes referred to as residual fuel oil.

LPG sometimes referred to as propane or butane, is a flammable gas used in cooking equipment, home heating and as fuel for cars.

A feedstock is a raw material that’s used to provide reactants to create an industrial reaction. A Petrochemical is a substance that’s made from crude oil using chemical reactions.

Petroleum solvents consist of liquid hydrocarbons that are derived from petroleum and petroleum products. These are used in a range of commercial products, in research and across industries.

Mineral oils are lubricating oils that are refined from naturally occurring crude oil. They are composed of 80%–90% petroleum hydrocarbon distillate with 10–20% additives to impart specific properties to the oil.

Additionally, we are able to supply Liquefied Natural Gas “LNG”:

LNG is a natural gas that has been cooled to –260° F (–162° C), changing it from a gas into a liquid that is 1/600th of its original volume. During the process known as liquefaction, natural gas is cooled below its boiling point, removing most of the extraneous compounds found in the fuel.

MMV records and monitors communications (including communications by telephone, mobile phones, IM, e-mail and other media) for legal, regulatory and/or business purposes, where it is legally permissible to do so. In those countries or states where it is required by law to notify parties that calls are recorded an audible signal or other form of notice will be used to indicate that a telephone conversation is being recorded.